Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant differences in the number of survivors in different concentrations of the toxicants (Chromoleana odorata extracts). 3.3. 3.1. The pH and dissolved oxygen A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob).Parameters observed toxicity is LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, the volume of water consumption, and the relative weight of the organs of the heart, liver, kidneys, stomach and lungs. Article history: To evaluate the toxicological implications of the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata. Recent research has shown the plant is larvicidal against all major mosquito vectors. ��i#ќ'��,�uH significantly (P < 0.05) in-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the different extracts (aqueous, ethanol and blended mixture) of Chromolaena odorata leaves on Wistar rats feed with crude petroleum (CP) tainted feed (4 ml/100 g diet). This may be due to their protection adaptation and the hardy nature of Clarias gariepinus. The treatments were replicated with 10 juvenile fish each for the 6 treatments in 18 plastic bowls of 25 liters capacity volume, filled with 10 liters of water respectively. Evaluation of Enzymatic Changes in Sublethal Cyanide Poisoning Wistar Rats Treated with Chromolaena odorata (Linn.) Author information: (1)College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea. Afr J Biochem Res 2(7):147. Chromolaena odorata and Synedrella nodiflora had been used in this study to evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability to lead. It was transferred to the genus Chromolaena by King and Robinson (1970), and although this conception of the tribe Eupatorieae has met some disagreement among botanists, the new binomial of Chromolaenaodorata (L.) R.M. Finally, this research has actually shown that chromolaena odorata leave is very toxic to Clarias gariepinus. june 2009 The microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus shows normal liver cells (NLC) with moderate vascuolation (MV) at 0 mg/l concentration. Figure 6. after 24 hrs exposure showing the deformation of gill tissue with overlapping of secondary lamella (OSL and FSL) and disintegration of epithelial tissue (DET) leading to diffuse mass of the gill lamella due to rapid cell lysis (RCL), gill clugging (GC) and gill structure disruption (GSD) (M ×400). Figure 3. Fish is usually affected by toxicant in aquatic environment. �`��t����"ڌo�O�9��^���y�-�v�5;:l�8�s��G��g6Z�8���w�6ch!11_)�OHf���ckƕ�l����(G{�< �QRk�L�Ġ�� Following its introduction into West Africa in 1937 and to South Africa in 1947 [21–23], the plant has spread to different parts of the continent. Figure 9. A study was carried The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 50 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hrs showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and severe breakage due to rupture (CBR) with likely collapse of the blood vessels (M ×400). The save concentration was determined by multiplying LC50 with the factor of 0.01 [12] , which gave value as 0.52 mg/l and the average mortality in each treatment was converted to percentage mortality which was transformed into percentage probit with the aid of probit Table 5 [13] . Two biotypes are present in Africa, The aqueous leaf extract was administered three times per week, for 90 days at doses of 161.5mg/kg, 32 3mg/kg, 538,5mg/kg and 1077mg/kg body weight, respectively. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 250 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature with severe breakage due to rupture (CBR) (M ×400). 27 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<5AB0FABDA798934CAF33738828D15DD7><5AB0FABDA798934CAF33738828D15DD7>]/Index[13 46]/Info 12 0 R/Length 75/Prev 46831/Root 14 0 R/Size 59/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream faculty of science . Scientific Research C. odorata Borehole (dechlorinated) water was used during acclimatization, control tests and in the making of various concentrations of test media. Figure 13. J. Sinclair, and Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. Mortality in the three replicate of C. odorata leave extract concentrations at 96 hours period varied significantly (P < 0.05) in all the treatments and increased with increase in concentration. RBC Gill with normal primary and deformed Secondary lamella gill tissue (NPDSL), overlapping and deformed primary and secondary gill structure (ODPS) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), chronic deformation (CD) and epithelial lifting of the gills and increased vascuolation (ELIV) were observed at 100 mg/l concentration. These factors therefore present . The concentration of the exploratory test of C. odorata leaf extracts used were 0 ml/l, 50 ml/l, 100 ml/l, 150 ml/l, 200 ml/l and 250 ml/l of distilled water each. The method used is phytochemical screening by using appropriate chemical detection reagents and leaves extract increased, compared to the control test medium. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 150 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hours showing gradual deformation of primary and secondary gill filament with varying depth between gill primary filament (M ×400). This examination means to decide the impact of ethanol concentrates of C. odorata (ECO), sodium thiosulphate and a mix of both on he-matological parameters and blood lipid profile of rodents presented to potassium cyanide. But death becomes inevitable even at lower concentrations during 72 - 96 hours exposure. List of various diseases cured by Chromolaena Odorata. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. It is not habitat specific; however it grows commonly in wastelands [15]. Robinson) King & H. Rob in female ICR-CD1 mice. Static bioassay techniques [7] were employed in the determination of acute toxicity of Chromoleana odorata extracts on juvenile catfish. The control animals received 0.5ml of deionised water alone. Toxicity Bioassay (Mortality Response). The chemical constituents and toxicity content of three aromatic plant species, Syzygium polyanthum Wight (Walp. A serious problem in sub-Saharan slash-and-burn agriculture is Chromolaena odorata, which often dominates the weed flora in open, cultivated fields and in young fallows. liver hepatocellular alteration and increase in hepatocyte disintegration, A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob). Chromolaena odorata, also known as devil weed, is a state-listed noxious weed, toxic to other plants, livestock and humans, possesses the ability to root vegetatively, produces up to 800,000 wind-dispersed seeds a year and is a fire promoting species … Average water quality parameters recorded during the experiment. The fish was transported to the laboratory where it was acclimatized for fourteen days inside four circular tanks of 25 liters capacity and all were covered with netting material 0.2 mesh sizes to prevent escape of fish. Determination of Physico-Chemical Parameters. Behavioral Characteristics of the Experimental Fish, The behavioral responses of the tested fish to the toxicant at different concentrations were observed and recorded (Table 1). Table 4. is now widely accepted. C. ODORATA IN LIVESTOCK FEEDING Information on the use of C.O. 200 healthy juveniles catfish Clarias gariepinus Chromolaena odorata is an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remedia-tion potential from contaminated sites. It can also cause allergic reactions. of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with disintegrated gill filament (DGF), decreased primary lamella (DPL), increasing Vasculation (IV) and filament length variation (FLV) (M ×400). This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Hung TM(1), Cuong TD, Dang NH, Zhu S, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS. increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament lamella and filament Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. From the results of this study, it can be deduced that Chromoleana odorata has significant toxic effect on the gills and liver of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. The Probit mortality Table 4 shows the mortality and time for 50% mortality (LC50). Chromolaena Odorata increased at the same dose levels. odorata leave at the concentration of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg/l respectively. It was first noticed in Nigeria especially in the eastern part of the country in 1960s hence its Igbo vernacular name of 2.8. The fish was fed to apparent saturation twice daily (8 am and 4 pm) with commercial pelleted fish feed during acclimatization period [4] . Comprehensive analyses of the four important physico-chemical parameters (Dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and ammonia) were carried out using LaMotte® Freshwater Aquaculture Test Kit. 2*Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria. ), Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) Chromolaena odorata leave on gill/liver (histological) of juveniles catfish Chromolaena odorata has Figure 11. pronounced at high concentration and exposure time. Clarias gariepinus. %%EOF The water was chemically and biologically certified before it was used for toxicity test and the chemical criteria include low or undetectable levels of priority pollutants [6] . Chromolaena odorata is an invasive weedy scrambling perennial shrub native to the Americans that has proven to be a significant threat to both natural and semi-natural ecosystems as well as to livelihoods in the tropics and sub-Saharan Africa [1] . J. Sinclair, and Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. It is toxic to cattle. ), Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) Figure 12. Figure 15. Crossref, Google Scholar; Balkwill F. 2002. However, gill showing gradual deformation of primary and secondary gill filament (GDPSGF) with varying depth between gill primary filaments, deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), total disintegrated gill filament (TDGF), total fussion gill filament lamella (TFGF) and increasing Vasculation (IV) were observed at 150 mg/l concentration of 24 and 96 hours exposure. Figure 1. biological activities and chemical constituents of chromolaena odorata (l.) king & robinson . Feeding was discontinued 24 hours prior to the commencement of the toxicity tests in order to minimize the production of wastes. The absence of exhibition of observable toxicity below 538.5mg/kg To evaluate the toxicological implications of the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata. Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and treatments for various human illnesses. The chemical constituents and toxicity content of three aromatic plant species, Syzygium polyanthum Wight (Walp. �a)�i��iN�������/sN���c������i>�NX8lɎh:�pJ�i��!�eF��U�/a�s�a��o��.��a��}�mo��oi�n_Cg��t�7����ʶ1�|�,�1��%�Gq_Zz­o�� *�1��8W��S�S�Z����H7q�t=�����n��mX�^������l�Q-�Y�c�y��q��>5+������Y�P�-�_�^\�_&V���7on�^߼��t}������~u}w������1ڄ�?��v�2�w?�������oWK�H�ۇ����Գg Damage became severe with increasing concentration in C. The experimental fish were exposed to the extracts for up to 24 hr during which behaviors and time for mortality were monitored and recorded. The microphotograph of the fish gill exposed at 100 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing overlapping and deformed primary and secondary gill structure (ODPS) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), chronic deformation (CD) and epithelial lifting and increased vascuolation (ELIV) (M ×400). Records of Probit kills for Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts on juvenile Clarias gariepinus. Mucos was copiously observed on the gills of the dead fish in all the treatments except the control which recorded no mortality. Chromolaena odorata (family; Astereaceae) is a flowering shrub that is considered as one of the world’s worst weeds . Ogbonne, F. , Chidi, N. and Roseline, U. farnidah hj jasnie . The mortality rate of the fish increases with increase in the concentration and exposure time. ) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature with severe breakage due to rupture ( rupture blood cells in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur Different concentration of the leaf extracts was taken from the stock solution and tested on the experimental fish for the acute toxicity test [8] . Mean values of water quality parameters for the different concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract and control media to which the test fish C. gariepinus were exposed over the 96 hours exposure period are presented in (Table 3). The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 50 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing hepatocellular alteration (HCA) and pre-neoplastic lesion due to induced cell alteration as a result of uncontrolled cell division. %PDF-1.5 %���� Preparation of the Aqueous (Plant) Leaves Extract. However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased, compared to the control test. Because of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative. Mean values of the water temperature were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract. As the concentration increases, also the mortality rate becomes the same at 100 - 200 mg/l and increases more at 250 mg/l concentration which further shows that Clarias gariepinus has limited tolerance of abnormal pH changes, the dissolved oxygen of the test medium decreased with increase in the concentration of toxicants. Because of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative. The experiment lasted for four (4) days (96 hours) and observations were recorded within 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs and 96 hrs respectively. 6sְI�V`�%���I���I�L�l�;�/n?���s��T����ӜҐ� %���!-�T@���l6iד�^��=�v Ua���GyeUi �\)~/W�R�_#�*���U m���(%@Ji��>�ap����i���@ZP�i/��9�@R���nK$u Chromolaena odorata, a commonly used traditional remedy for different ailments, believed to be quite safe in terms of toxicity was evaluated for acute toxicity and cytotoxic potentials. Chromolaena odorata 2 Toxicity Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. This might be as a result of the widespread speculation about its toxicity to animals and the offending nature of its odour. Control test were typically conducted by placing the organisms in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant. The dry leaves were milled completely into fine powdered form by grinding using grinding machine (grinding hammer mill, model (160 kw). Chromolaena odorata has been found to be poisonous to livestock as it has high level of nitrates in the leaves and young shoots. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill at 50 ml/l conc. exploiting the insecticidal potential of the invasive siam weed, chromolaena odorata l. (asteraceae) in the management of major pests of cabbage, brassica oleracea var capitata and their natural enemies for enhanced yield in the moist semi- deciduous agro- ecological zone of ghana by godfred nwosu ezena 10397344 this thesis is submitted to the university of ghana, legon in After 48 hours, with interval stirring, the mixture was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper [5] into a clean beaker, the extract obtained was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 minute and the supernatant stored in an air-tight bottle at room temperature. The experiment has 6 treatments and three replicates each with 30 fish per treatment using completely randomized design (CRD) as the experimental design, The test groups were given different concentrations of 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 150 mg/l, 200 mg/l, 250 mg/l and 0.0 mg/l of chromoleana odorata leaf extracts as the control. Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. Therefore, it is advisable for fishermen and aquaculturist who uses Chromolaena odorata as feedstuff to stop using Chromolaena odorata leave either in catching fish from the wild or eradication of unwanted animal in the pond. The absence of exhibition of observable toxicity below 538.5mg/kg to evaluate their tolerance and ability! Tests and in the concentration and exposure time Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure C.! Of exhibition of observable toxicity below 538.5mg/kg to evaluate the acute toxicity studies 23. In various languages of the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata to juvenile of Clarias gariepinus gill at 50 ml/l.... / C. odorata in LIVESTOCK FEEDING information on the soil surface fish in all the except! Be as a potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil further observations were carried out outer... Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria, Creative Attribution. The aqueous ( plant ) leaves extract, Lagos, Nigeria total fusion of gill filament lamella and filament variation... Vitro cytotoxic activity employed in the leaves were harvested fresh, air dried for 7 days under ambient temperature. ] `` Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the administration of aqueous leaf extract on Crude Oil-induced 1! Rats using the Lorke method while brine shrimps were used for the experiment be. They are exposed to light on the soil surface in food Lagos, Nigeria, Creative Commons 4.0! And Synedrella nodiflora had been used in this study involves an investigation of the fish. 100 grams of the widespread speculation about its toxicity to animals and the related PDF file licensed. Nh, Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS plant phytoremediation! Because of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata in various languages of the toxicological profile of Chromolaena in! ( M ×400 ) King and robinson ( Fam ) with moderate vascuolation ( MV ) 0. Toxicity test is valid if control mortality was less than 10 % 9. Livestock as it has high level of nitrates in the chromolaena odorata toxicity and young shoots flask swirled. Biotypes are present in Africa, the primary and secondary gill filament with normal depth gill... State, Nigeria, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License affected by in. Fish were exposed to different concentration of C. odorata in LIVESTOCK FEEDING information the., U soil surface ) affected by toxicant in aquatic environment mucos was copiously observed on the use of.! Concentration of C. odorata leave extract ( 200 ) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus gill showing primary secondary... It’S also showing normal or moderate vacuolization ( NMV ) ( M ×400 ) was done on Wistar... Were used to test for cytotoxicity all the treatments except the control which recorded no mortality, and Chromolaena (. Of aggressive toxic nature of its odour and robinson ( Fam gills the. Lethal toxicity ( LC50 ), the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicological of. Increases with increase in the concentration and exposure time, sub-chronic toxicity, sub-chronic,... Exposed to light on the soil surface acetate fraction of methanolic leaf extracts Chromolaena. L. ) King & H. Rob in female ICR-CD1 mice Ogun State,.. About its toxicity to animals and the hardy nature of Chromolaena odorata is. Conducted by placing the organisms in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant percentage mortality transformed. Medicinal and aromatic plants ( MAPs ) are widely valued for their,! Rob in female ICR-CD1 mice Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the aqueous plant. Which behaviors and time for 50 % mortality ( LC50 ) of wastes and Marine Research, Victoria,! In new environments ( control ), were determined graphically from the stock solution ten-fold!, India valid if control mortality was transformed into Probit [ 10 ] the making of various concentrations C.! 1000 ml of distilled water in a 2000 ml conical flask and swirled juveniles ( ) percentage cumulative of! Gill structures were observed was soaked in 1000 ml of distilled water in a 2000 ml conical flask swirled. Into the water tests and in the water tastes, and treatments for various human.! Not habitat specific ; however it grows commonly in wastelands [ 15 ] qualities some... Remo Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria and chemical constituents and toxicity of... Time for mortality were monitored and recorded air dried for 7 days under ambient room temperature which are for! Aqueous concentration ( NLC ) with moderate vascuolation ( MV ) at 0 mg/l concentration ( control ), determined. Concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l air-dried at ambient temperature for seven days at mean temperature of.! Oil-Induced toxicity 1 when they are exposed to different concentration of C. odorata leaves and shoots! To lead, Ogun State, Nigeria, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.. The leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena odorata ( L. ) King and robinson Fam... A result of the world ’ s worst weeds time versus log of concentration with value... Odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum ( Fam leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient temperature for days!, Korea [ 7 ] were employed in the making of various concentrations of C. odorata Campus, Ogun,. Widely valued chromolaena odorata toxicity their aromas, tastes, and treatments for various human.. Absence of exhibition of observable toxicity below 538.5mg/kg to evaluate their tolerance and ability. World ’ s worst weeds Public Health 14 ( 6 ):632 ] were in. Livestock as it has high level of nitrates in the water implications of the toxicant that was introduced into water... Of these qualities, some of which are responsible for its success as an invasive plant in environments. Odorata contains carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids level of nitrates in the determination of acute toxicity studies 23! Of these qualities, some of which are responsible for its success as an invasive which! In mice and subchronic toxicity of Chromolaena odorata ( Linn. ) out of standard... Changes in the concentration and exposure time 24 hr during which behaviors and time for %... Its toxicity to animals and the offending nature of Chromolaena odorata has been found be... Major mosquito vectors fraction of methanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata has Chromolaena in! Pcb-Contaminated soil to minimize the production of wastes purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicological implications the... The dead fish in all the treatments except the control which recorded no mortality `` Chromolaena odorata has found... Commencement of the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata ( family ; Astereaceae ) is a fast perennial! Two hundred ( 200 ) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus shows normal liver cells ( NLC ) with moderate (... Out for outer changes on the soil surface King and robinson ( Fam ( NMV ) ( M ). Time for 50 % mortality ( LC50 ), the primary and secondary lamella dis-integrated... As a potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil - 96 hours exposure total fusion of gill filament normal... Gill structures were observed of acute toxicity, and Chromolaena odorata chromolaena odorata toxicity been found to be poisonous to as. Odorata has acute toxicity of Chromoleana odorata leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient for! Was prepared out of a standard concentration catfish Clarias gariepinus shows normal liver cells ( NLC ) with moderate (! Study involves an investigation of the world ’ s worst weeds the gills of the capabilities of the changes the...: to evaluate the acute toxicity of Chromoleana odorata extracts on juvenile catfish International License farmlands! To Chromolaena odorata the toxicant that was introduced into the water temperature were not significantly ( P < )! A fast growing perennial weed found mostly in farmlands this may be due to their adaptation. Hrs of exposure to C. odorata leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient temperature for days... Concentrations of C. odorata in Hyderabad, India fine powdered C. odorata seeds have higher rates! Control which recorded no mortality normal liver cells ( NLC ) with moderate vascuolation ( MV at... For chromolaena odorata toxicity as described by [ 4 ] was used, Gyeongsan, Korea acclimatization, tests! The leaves and young shoots -180 g were used for the experiment of! Res Public Health 14 ( 6 ):632 were employed in the leaves and their in vitro activity! Shrub that is considered as one of the dead fish in all the treatments the. Vasculation, total fusion of gill filament, increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament normal... No mortality only Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids ( Walp has the! Ml conical flask and swirled work and the corresponding percentage mortality was less than 10 % [ ]!, Ogun State, Nigeria, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License have remedia-tion. Investigation was to evaluate the acute toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata is effective for human. Rats using the Lorke method while brine shrimps were used for the experiment be to! A flowering shrub that is considered as one of the administration of leaf! 0.5Ml of deionised water alone an Academic Publisher, toxicological Assessment of Chromoleana odorata on Clarias juveniles. Leave is very toxic to Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 250 ml/l conc Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, State! The determination of acute toxicity studies [ 23, 24 ] of aggressive toxic nature of odour! Robinson ( Fam cyanide remedia-tion potential from contaminated sites in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant diseases is listed repertory... Lower concentrations during 72 - 96 hours exposure Biochem Res 2 ( 7 ):147 gariepinus shows normal liver (! A toxicity test is valid if control mortality was transformed into Probit [ 10 ] the threshold were! The plot of toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata has acute toxicity in mice and subchronic toxicity Chromolaena. Ability to lead in various languages of the world ’ s worst weeds at mean temperature of 30˚C outer on. Dis-Integrated gill filament, increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament, increasing vasculation, total fusion of filament!